Caught in the Trap free essay sample

Fragrances went up against me as I strolled in the entryway. Masalasâ€or spicesâ€like curry, cumin and cinnamon each contributed. I sat on the edge of my chairâ€eager like a youngster on Christmas. I needed to encounter these extraordinary flavors. They were delectable and red hot, yet delightful. This isn't the first occasion when I wanted something new. I long for information and advancement. In the event that I hear something I don’t think a lot about, I find it. Another method, style, film, or crisisâ€my want for comprehension and information ranges. This time, the Indian food got me in its snare. I required not just the flavorâ€but additionally the way of life. I had to know more. I expected to comprehend. This is the means by which I ran over Hinduism. I saw the interesting three-like image, the Om, previously and I had found it. I realized it was Hindi. In any case, my eyes were heedless to Indian culture and religion. We will compose a custom exposition test on Trapped in the Trap or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Enchanted by the magnificence of the image and the delectable food, I began my examination on the web. At that point, I went to books. One about Hinduism. An India travel control about traditions. What's more, finally, The Bhagavad Gitaâ€a book fundamental to Hindus. I began with nuts and bolts and developed. I discovered that the cow is hallowed and along these lines, hamburger isn't eaten and dairy animals not butchered. This was something I discovered captivating. Meat is indispensable in America. A decent steak, unique and costly. In any case, in Hinduism, the dairy animals is an image of life and respected. I was attracted by the receptiveness towards different religions. Hindus accept that religion is the equivalent just named in an unexpected way. This spoke to me since religion is tied in with adoring and tolerating and in Hinduism this is valid. Hinduism is various, permitting its own adherents to have confidence in an assortment of things. Religion will in general be severe, and the assorted variety and assortment in Hinduism made it engaging. The movement control clarified Hinduism is a lifestyle and is reflected in the traditions. The Bhagavad Gita gave me knowledge and helped me gain from a similar book that a Hindu would gain from. This new data made me think in manners I hadn’t previously, suggest conversation starters and challenge my convictions. Did I despite everything accept the strict establishment worked around me? I wasn’t sure. â€Å"Aren’t you a Hindu or something?† asked my sibling. I realized this inquiry was coming, however I still didn’t have an answer. â€Å"I’m not sure.† Before guaranteeing it, I need to completely comprehend. Also, I am as yet progressing in the direction of that. I may adjust to this religion, I may not. Yet, it doesn’t matter. This pursuit is tied in with comprehension and diving into the interesting obscure. The Indian food got me. Everlastingly I will review my first dinner at Tandoori Nights a year prior and what originated from it. What will get me next?

Role of Marathi Press in Freedom Movement of India free essay sample

A Gandhian lobbyist, political dissident and a pioneer in the cutting edge Konkani development, he is a notable Konkani researcher, language specialist, and imaginative scholar. Kelkar was a member in the Indian opportunity development, Goa’s freedom development, and later the battle against the merger of the recently shaped Goa with Maharashtra. He assumed a key job in the establishing of the Konkani Bhasha Mandal, which lead the artistic battle for the acknowledgment of Konkani as an undeniable language, and its reestablishment as the state language of Goa. He composed about 100 books in the Konkani language, including Amchi Bhas Konkaneech, Shalent Konkani Kityak, Bahu-bhashik Bharatant Bhashenche Samajshastra and Himalayant, and furthermore altered Jaag magazine for over two decades. Kelekar kicked the bucket at Apollo Hospital at Margao, Goa at around 11. 30 am on Friday August 27. He was 85. [3][5][not in reference given] His remaining parts were incinerated with State respects at his local town of Priol. We will compose a custom exposition test on Job of Marathi Press in Freedom Movement of India or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Kelekar got the Padma Bhushan (2008),[6][7] the Gomant Sharada Award of Kala Academy,[7] the Sahitya Akademi Award (1976),[8] and the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship (2007)â€the most noteworthy honor of the Sahitya Akademi, Indias National Academy of Letters. [9] He additionally got the 2006 Jnanpith Award,[10] the first at any point granted to a writer writing in the Konkani language,[1] which was introduced in July 2010. [11] Contents 1 Early life and instruction 2 Career Personal life 4 Bibliography 4. 1 Konkani 4. 2 Konkani interpretations 4. 3 Marathi 4. 4 Hindi 5 References 6 External connections Early life and instruction Kelekar was conceived on March 25, 1925, in the city of Cuncolim in South Goa. [1] His dad, Dr Rajaram Kelekar, was a doctor who later got prestigious for his Portuguese interpretation of the Bhagwad Gita. [7] While still an understudy at the Lyceum High School in Panaji, Kelekar joined the Goa freedom development in 1946. This acquired him close contact with a few nearby and national pioneers, including Ram Manohar Lohia, under whose impact he had the option to perceive the intensity of language to assemble the neighborhood people. Afterward, he saw the potential in his local Konkani language, which turned into his long lasting work. [7] Career Already profoundly affected by Gandhian way of thinking, in 1949 Kelekar left his local Goa for Wardha, to be with noted Gandhian and essayist Kakasaheb Kalelkar. Kelekar remained under Kalelkars tutelage until 1955, when he was delegated administrator of the Gandhi Memorial Museum in New Delhi. This ended up being brief, as just a year later he dove once again into the Goa opportunity development. With a crucial reconnect the Goan diaspora everywhere throughout the world, he began the week by week, Gomant Bharati (1956â€60),[12] distributed in the Latin content in Bombay. Before long, being a functioning member in Goas battle for opportunity, he was detained by the Portuguese. He was discharged when the Indian Army attacked and added Goa in 1961. He joined the socio-political crusade against the merger of Goa into the neighboring Maharashtra state, which finished after the plebiscite of 1967, with Goa holding its different personality though as an association domain. Goa held this status until 1987, when it was proclaimed a different state. After Goas freedom, Kelekar took to scholarly activism, through getting his local Konkani language its due status as an autonomous language, instead of as only a lingo of Marathi. He was contrasted well and pioneers in the Konkani artistic development, for example, Shenoi Goembab. During this period, he thought of a portion of his most significant works advancing the Konkani language, including Aamchi Bhas Konkanich (1962), a discourse uncovering the significance of Konkani to the basic man in the city; Shallent Konkani Kityaak (1962), featuring the essentialness of having Konkani medium schools in Goa; and A Bibliography of Konkani Literature in Devanagari, Roman and Kannada characters (1963). [4][14] In February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly had passed the Official Language Bill making Konkani the Official Language of Goa. 15] The battle finished in 1992, when Konkani was remembered for the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as an official language. [16] With lifes mission finished, Kelkar resigned from open life, centering for the most part of his composition. On February 26, 1975, the Sahitya Akademi, Indias National Academy of Letters, perceived Konkani as an autonomous language. [citation needed] The first Sahitya Akademi Award for a work in Konkani was won by Kelekar for his travelog, Himalayant, in 1977. 17][18][19] The Akademis first Translation Award in Quite a while additionally went to Kelekar in 1990 for Ami Taankan Manshant Haadle, a Konkani interpretation of an assortment of articles in Gujarati, Mansaeena Diva, by Jhaverchand Meghani. [20] He got the 2006 Jnanpith Award, which was the principal given to a Konkani-language author. [10] The zenith of his vocation accompanied the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime accomplishment in 2007. [9] A long lasting advocate of territorial dialects, in his acknowledgment discourse for the Jnanpith grant, he stated, People have quit perusing books in local dialects. Then again, through English, we have made Bonsai educated people, Bonsai scholars and Bonsai perusers. [21] When the Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Academy, a branch of the Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation, was set up in 2006, the primary work it took up for interpretation was Velavaylo Dhulo, an assortment of Kelekars expositions. [22] His books have been converted into Hindi and other North Indian dialects, and are utilized by colleges. [23] Personal life Kelekar wedded Godubai Sardessai in 1949; their child Guirish was conceived inside a year. Kelekar lived in his hereditary homeâ€built by his dad in 1937â€called Kelekar House, in the town of Priol in focal Goa. The Casa Dos Kelekars, as it is officially referred to, is presently observed as commendable of a regular Goan Saraswat Brahmin people group home. [24] Bibliography This article contains a rundown of works that doesn't follow the Manual of Style for arrangements of works (frequently, however not constantly, due to being backward sequential request) and may require cleanup. This segment needs data, for example, ISBNs for the books recorded in it. In the event that the {{Cite book}} or {{Citation}} formats are being used, you may include ISBNs consequently.

SIPA Holiday Hours and Stuff COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Holiday Hours and Stuff COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Finding someone to talk to at SIPA during the winter break may seem like a scavenger hunt.   The halls are a bit quieter but the news broadcast from the television can still be heard echoing through the lobby.   Students and faculty depart after finals to take advantage of the time to visit family and friends or to work on their Capstone project [or books] on another island (that is not Manhattan). However, with application deadlines around the corner, I am sure you are busily working on putting together the strongest application.   During this period if you find yourself wrestling with questions, dont pull out your hair.   You can still find support in the Admissions Office.     Call (212-854-6216) or write or visit.   We will be here to answer your questions.   Unfortunately, the school kicks us out of the building for a few days so be mindful of our holiday schedule. SIPA Admissions and Financial Aid Holiday Schedule:   Monday, December 23:   Closing @ 2pm   Tuesday, December 24   Wednesday, December 25:   CLOSED   Thursday, December 26 Friday, December 27:   Open 9am â€" 5pm   Monday, December 30:   Closing @ 2pm   Tuesday, December 31 Wednesday, January 1:   CLOSED   Regular office schedule resumes Thursday, January 2 If you emailed us recently and have not heard back from our office, please know we are trying our best to respond to all of the email messages we have received in a timely manner but theres A LOT; and more coming in each day as we get closer to the January 6 application deadline [with merit fellowship consideration]. Since we are kind of on the topic of fellowship and deadlines, there is still some confusion to where an applicant can find the other scholarship applications (i.e. Lemann, IFP, Harriman, Jayanti, etc.).   After you have submitted your admission application, the scholarship applications will appear.   A separate scholarship application/essay is required for each scholarship opportunity.   The SIPA scholarship applications must be submitted by January 27 so the earlier you submit your admission application, the more time you will have to work on the scholarship applications.   These [SIPA scholarships] are additional opportunities outside of the MERIT fellowship process. All applicants who submit a completed admission application by January 6 are automatically considered for a merit fellowship and no additional application/essay is required.   Our final admission application deadline is February 5 so if SIPA funding is not a concern for you, then you have an additional 4 weeks to pull together your application so enjoy the holiday festivities.

Repo Transactions Securities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1410 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Makeup Case ESM-17 Q. During the ESM congressional hearings, the auditors of ESMs major customers were questioned regarding the confirmation procedures they used for their clients transactions with ESM. What would be the key objective or objectives of an auditors confirmation procedures when a client has engaged in (a) repo transactions with a government securities broker and (b) reverse repo transactions with a government securities broker? What types of procedures would be used in auditing repo and reverse repo transactions? A. As an introduction, I would first like to define the term â€Å"repo transaction†. A repurchase agreement, or repo, can be described as a contract between a financial institution and an investor in which securities are sold and promised to be repurchased on a later specified date for a specified price. The transaction may be for either investing or financing depending on which side of the transaction is participated in. A rep urchase agreement is made when a financial institution (the seller-borrower) that sells the securities to an investor (the buyer-lender) and subsequently agrees to repurchase the securities back at the later specified date at the specified price. A reverse repurchase agreement is exactly the same thing, except from the opposite point of view. A reverse repo would from the buyers viewpoint instead of the sellers. In the preceding example, the investor would be considered to have made a reverse repo agreement, agreeing to purchase and subsequently sell the securities back at the later specified date at the specified price. Most repo agreements involve federal government securities such as Treasury bills and bonds, but may also be corporate or municipal obligations as well. Repo agreements are similar in arrangement to secured loans in that the buyer receives the securities as collateral to protect the buyer from default by the seller. The difference between the selling price and th e repurchase price represents the financial institutions interest for the use of investors capital. Although legal title passes from the seller to the buyer, coupon payments are paid directly to the seller even though the ownership of the securities rests with the buyer. Most repo agreements are between other depository institutions, brokers/dealers of securities, governments and retail customers. Maturities of repo agreements range from one day (overnight), short-term (up to 270 days), long-term (two years) or can be open-ended (no maturity date). The securities involved in the repo agreement can be physically delivered, placed with a third-party custodian, or retained (held) by the seller. When planning an audit of a client involved in repo agreements, the auditor should obtain reasonable assurance that focuses on balance-related audit objectives. When the client enters into a repo agreement, selling the securities and promising to repurchase them, at a later date this creat es a liability. The dominant balance-related audit objective in this case would be to check for completeness. Completeness involves checking that all of the amounts that should be included have in fact been included. The point here is to be sure that the client has recorded (included) all the appropriate amounts for the liability. The incentive for the client is to leave the liability off of the books. If the client enters into a reverse repo agreement, purchasing the securities and agreeing to resell them at a later date, an asset is created. The dominant balance-related audit objective in this case would be to check for existence. Existence involves checking to see if the amounts should actually be included. Key to this objective would be to be sure the client actually possesses the securities to be resold in their inventory. The incentive of the client is to create an asset that does not exist. An example of completeness and existence related to repo agreements is to obtain reaso nable assurance that the repos and reverse repos are properly identified, described, and disclosed; include all agreements; and are stated at appropriate amounts. Another example of existence is the securities purchased under reverse repos exist and are either on hand or are held in custody for the institution. Accuracy should also be considered by the auditor. Accuracy involves making sure that all included amounts are arithmetically correct. An example involving repo agreements would be to obtain reasonable assurance that interest expense or income and related balance sheet accounts are properly measured and recorded. Another example of accuracy would be the values at which the securities are reported are appropriate. Another balance-related audit objective that the auditor must consider is classification. Classification involves determining whether the accounts contain the correct items so that they can be appropriately presented and disclosed. An example related to repo ag reements would be to obtain reasonable assurance that repos accounted for as secured borrowings meet the criteria for secured borrowings, including the condition that the assets to be repurchased are the same as sold. Rights and obligations should be considered by the auditor. Rights involve making sure that the assets are legally owned before they can be included. Obligations deal with liabilities and must belong to the institution. An example related to repo agreements would be to obtain reasonable assurance that the institution has legal title or other rights to ownership for all recorded securities. In addition to balance-related audit objectives, the auditor should also consider presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives. Occurrence and rights and obligations involves whether disclosed events have occurred and are the rights and obligations of the institution. Whether all required disclosures have been included deals with completeness. Accuracy and valuation ref ers to whether the financial information is fairly presented and at appropriate amounts. Whether the financial statements and footnotes contain amounts that are appropriately classified, and whether the balance descriptions and related disclosures are understandable involves classification and understandability. Examples of these presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives are that repo agreements have been executed and are obligations of the institution, assets pledged as collateral for repo agreements are properly disclosed in the financial statements, recorded amounts include assets owned by the institution and the financial statements include all transactions for the period, and securities involved in repo agreements are properly described and related footnote disclosures are accurate. In determining the auditing procedures to be used in auditing repo agreements, the auditor should accumulate the appropriate audit evidence. The auditor should examine any repo agreeme nt documentation. Documents should be reviewed and the respective recording of the liability should be agreed to. The securities put up as collateral should be tested to determine if they are adequately identified and properly disclosed, and the descriptions and amounts match those in the subsidiary ledger. The auditor should seek confirmations regarding the amount and terms of all repo agreements with the respective securities dealers, investors, and institutions. The confirmations serve to provide evidence on their occurrence, terms, and the treatment of the securities, whether delivered to the buyer, held by a custodian, or retained by the seller. It should be noted that it is often impractical to determine the existence or location of securities that are delivered to the buyer. This does not indicate that the buyer will not be able to complete the transaction and should not concern the auditor. The auditor should however consider using addition procedures to assess the abilit y of the buyer to complete the transaction by reviewing the audited financial statements of the buyer, considering any regulatory requirements, and obtaining a report from the independent accountant of the buyer. The auditor should also review related party transactions. The review should review transactions recorded as sales transactions to determine potential unrecorded transactions. The review may find that a transaction involving a sale and a repurchase was in fact a repo and should be accounted for as financing. The auditor should be aware of transactions that are improperly recorded. The auditor should assess collateral risk. The reputation, financial condition and market presence of the buyer should be considered. The current market value of the collateral should be reviewed to determine if the collateral is sufficient in relation to the agreement. The auditor should also assess whether the repo agreement fits the criteria for a financing or sales transaction. The au ditor should also test fair value disclosures. Quoted market prices or prevailing interest rates of the same or similar securities should be considered to evaluate if the estimates are reasonable. Some additional procedures an auditor could use are a review of the board of directors minutes, testing whether approved securities dealers were used, and recomputation of gains or losses on reverse repo agreements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Repo Transactions Securities" essay for you Create order

An Organizational Profile Of The United States Army

Running head: ORG PROFILE 1 2 2 ORG PROFILE An Organizational Profile of the United States Army: Katherine Bingley University of Louisville Dr. Bradley Carpenter ELFH 490 May 27, 2015 An Organizational Profile of the United States Army I have chosen to write about the United States Army for my Organizational profile. Not only was it extremely interesting to look at the organization that I love and how it functions, but it is the one business that I feel most comfortable with. The Army employs approximately 530,000 Active Duty Soldiers and 330,000 civilians, making it one of the largest, most powerful corporations in the world. Founded in 1775, it is one of the oldest businesses in the United States and is rich with history, symbolism, and structure (citation, year). The Army is so interesting to me because it has so many different lines of effort. Of course you have to train Soldiers to fight and win, but you also have to take care of the families, run a town, manage factories and hospitals, and provide education for the children. What other organization does this on such a large level? Even the other branches of the Armed Forces can?t compare to what the Arm y accomplishes on a daily basis. Structural Features Bolman and Deal (1997) stated that structural frames are goal oriented. The Army?s goal is simple, clear, concise and achievable; to win America?s wars. 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A Case of Convicted Rapists Free Essays

I read in this journal that research mainly by interviews with convicted sexual offenders and contrast groups is important in order to understand why and how sexual violence against women occurred (1). Because masculinity has been assumed to be superior, and knowledge reflects on male dominated universe reflecting the views of patriarchal beliefs, feminists need to study and understand the reality of sexually violent men (2, 3). I noted that there are numerous hindrances in determining number and characteristics of rapists because only the ‘classic’ and violent cases are reported. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case of Convicted Rapists or any similar topic only for you Order Now To counter this, research would require interviews with the group of unreported rapists but this would again place the researcher as an accomplice because of protecting the rapist’s identity (6, 7). Information acquired in therapy is unreliable due to prisoner’s mistrust of prison officials as they feel it might be used against them in a parole hearing (10-11). Traditional masculinity behaviour suggested the men would respond positively to a female interviewer and despite security risks, professional self took priority before the personal self in order to collect relevant data (12, 13). I understood that to get good data, a good working relationship, the use of non-threatening background information and long interviews was crucial (15). Rapport was necessary in creating trust, confidentiality and mutual respect and this appealed to even the hardcore felons who were ready to talk to a non-judgmental outsider if just to break prison monotony. While neutrality should not be portrayed as approval, disagreements can result in destruction of rapport and jeopardize future interviews. Opinion should be put forth candidly but carefully to leave the participant feeling positive about the interview (16-18). I learned that many prisoners present unique problems in regard to obtaining voluntary informed consent and mentioning that they were rapists would cause the men shame and embarrassment (19-21). Explanations on risks, safeguards and the prisoners’ rights were given as well as permission to confirm the validity of the interview data (23-25). Research showed that prisoners are prone to lying, fabrication and manipulation in order to better their chances of parole because their approval depends on staff researchers’ assessment. While some rapists admitted to raping, they played down their use of force, others did not believe their actions constituted rape and the rest completely denied any sexual contact with the victims and pleaded mistaken identity (27-28). I also noted that while cooperation from the State Department of Corrections and the prison staff was excellent, riots and lockups, scheduling mishaps, inmate transfers and absenteeism, electricity blackouts and the occasional lack of an interview room were some of the obstacles encountered while at times unfavourable weather and lack of air conditioning made the longer interviews almost unbearable (29-30). References Diana, s. (1990). A glimpse inside. Understanding sexual harassment: a study of convicted rapists. Rout ledge, New York. Â   How to cite A Case of Convicted Rapists, Papers

William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, was full of de Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, was full of de Essay ceit, and subterfuge. It is as if it were a Chess game brought to life in on a stage. As Chess there are two Kings, Prince Hamlet and King Claudius, who control the moves of the other pieces. The others, being the pawns that they are, are maneuvered around, to spin an intracit web of lies and subterfuge. In this web people played people against one another. Each using the other to gain something, whether it is to get revenge, political advancement, or just to keep something wrongfully gained. In Hamlet, there are few people who can be called totally innocent of try to gain anything. Two such people are Queen Gertrude and Ophelia. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, was full of de specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Gertrude, if guilty of trying to gain anything, it would be only being guilty of trying to please everyone. She thrived on other peoples happiness. She was the first person used in this play. Claudius, first killed her husband, King Hamlet, and then made her fall in love with him. He did this to gain the throne. She believes that this is the cause of Hamlets madness. Gertrude loves her son with a passion boarding on obsession. She seems to need him to live. One of the reasons the king does not just kill Hamlet is because, The Queen his mother lives almost by his looks. (224, line 11) She is also used by the King to spy on Hamlet, to see what made him insane, and if he knows that the King killed his father. The Queen also really loves the King, and does not want to see him hurt by Hamlet. However, this love of the king kills her in the end of the play. Ophelia also loves Hamlet, but she is persuaded by her father not to act on his tenders(42, line 104). She believes that she is the cause of Hamlets madness, because she did not show him she loved him. She is pushed around by everyone. She is obedient to her father and brother. She is used by her father and the king to spy on Hamlet, but all that does she pushes her towards the brink of insanity. She is confused by Hamlets crude speech around her. Ophelia finally goes insane when Hamlet kills her father. She becomes loud and crude, and then in the end, drowns. The only things that linked Ophelia and Gertrude together were their share love for Hamlet, and the ease at which they were used. I believe that Ophelia was Gertrudes foil, because she was almost like her. Ophelia just handled thing differently then Gertrude.

Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens

Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens And A Different Organization – Case Study Example Management within Siemens Management within Siemens Mobile phone companies have been in the rise over the past couple of decades. One of the most common companies in Siemens and the company has been on the rise in a manner that it has threatened other companies in the industry. The management strategy incorporated by the company has had competing effectively against other companies such as Motorola. As opposed to Motorola, Siemens has incorporated all four processes of management. One of the models incorporated by the company is introducing the human relations model. This model involves the company looking out for both the human resource and the customers. The company does this by the creation of forums where it offers the human resource with advice on how to improve their careers (Samuels, 2013). A company such as Motorola does not have such a forum and thus the reason why it does not succeed as well as Siemens. The rational model is another strategy introduced by the company. Throu gh this model, the company has held important meetings where it identifies its weaknesses and then proceeds to go through the planning process in order to eliminate the problem. This is done communally and is different when compared to the manner in which Motorola handles its problems where it is the C.E.O who has the responsibility of resolving the problems.Open systems involve Siemens relating effectively with the outside environment, commonly the customers where it associates and seeks to understand their views on the company’s gadgets (Samuels, 2013). This is effective for the company gets to understand the needs of the customers that is different from Motorola that does not bother understanding needs of the customers as much. The internal systems of the company are other factors to review where there is an effective communication process between different levels of management within Siemens organization. However, Motorola does not have an elaborate communication system w here it thus becomes difficult for important information to reach the target departments. BibliographySamuels, D. (2013). Creating a high performance culture: a Siemens Case Study. Web http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/siemens/creating-a-high-performance- culture/introduction.html#axzz395AVFeqT

Obamas Health Care Reform Speech (Full Text)

Obamas Health Care Reform Speech (Full Text) Madame Speaker, Vice President Biden, Members of Congress, and the American people:When I spoke here last winter, this nation was facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. We were losing an average of 700,000 jobs per month. Credit was frozen. And our financial system was on the verge of collapse.As any American who is still looking for work or a way to pay their bills will tell you, we are by no means out of the woods. A full and vibrant recovery is many months away. And I will not let up until those Americans who seek jobs can find them; until those businesses that seek capital and credit can thrive; until all responsible homeowners can stay in their homes.That is our ultimate goal. But thanks to the bold and decisive action we have taken since January, I can stand here with confidence and say that we have pulled this economy back from the brink.I want to thank the members of this body for your efforts and your support in these last several months, and especially those who have taken the difficult votes that have put us on a path to recovery. I also want to thank the American people for their patience and resolve during this trying time for our nation.But we did not come here just to clean up crises. We came to build a future. So tonight, I return to speak to all of you about an issue that is central to that future and that is the issue of healthcare.I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am determined to be the last. It has now been nearly a century since Theodore Roosevelt first called for healthcare reform. And ever since, nearly every president and Congress, whether Democrat or Republican, has attempted to meet this challenge in some way. A bill for comprehensive health reform was first introduced by John Dingell Sr. in 1943. Sixty-five years later, his son continues to introduce that same bill at the beginning of each session.Our collective failure to meet this challenge – year after year, decade after decade – has led us to a breaking point. Everyone understands the extraordinary hardships that are placed on the uninsured, who live every day just one accident or illness away from bankruptcy. These are not primarily people on welfare. These are middle-class Americans. Some can’t get insurance on the job.Others are self-employed, and can’t afford it, since buying insurance on your own costs you three times as much as the coverage you get from your employer. Many other Americans who are willing and able to pay are still denied insurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.We are the only advanced democracy on Earth – the only wealthy nation – that allows such hardships for millions of its people. There are now more than 30 million American citizens who cannot get coverage. In just a two-year period, one in every three Americans goes without healthcare coverage at some point. And ever y day, 14,000 Americans lose their coverage. In other words, it can happen to anyone.But the problem that plagues the healthcare system is not just a problem of the uninsured. Those who do have insurance have never had less security and stability than they do today. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose your job, or change your job, you’ll lose your health insurance too. More and more Americans pay their premiums, only to discover that their insurance company has dropped their coverage when they get sick, or won’t pay the full cost of care. It happens every day.One man from Illinois lost his coverage in the middle of chemotherapy because his insurer found that he hadn’t reported gallstones that he didn’t even know about. They delayed his treatment, and he died because of it. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double mastectomy when her insurance company canceled her policy because she forgot to declare a case of acne.By the time sh e had her insurance reinstated, her breast cancer more than doubled in size. That is heart-breaking, it is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in the United States of America.Then there’s the problem of rising costs. We spend one-and-a-half times more per person on healthcare than any other country, but we aren’t any healthier for it. This is one of the reasons that insurance premiums have gone up three times faster than wages. It’s why so many employers   especially small businesses are forcing their employees to pay more for insurance, or are dropping their coverage entirely.It’s why so many aspiring entrepreneurs cannot afford to open a business in the first place, and why American businesses that compete internationally   like our automakers are at a huge disadvantage. And it’s why those of us with health insurance are also paying a hidden and growing tax for those without it about $1000 per year that pays for somebody else†™s emergency room and charitable care.Finally, our healthcare system is placing an unsustainable burden on taxpayers. When healthcare costs grow at the rate they have, it puts greater pressure on programs like Medicare and Medicaid. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we will eventually be spending more on Medicare and Medicaid  than every other government program combined. Put simply, our healthcare problem is our deficit problem. Nothing else even comes close.These are the facts. Nobody disputes them. We know we must reform this system. The question is how.There are those on the left who believe that the only way to fix the system is through a single-payer system like Canada’s, where we would severely restrict the private insurance market and have the government provide coverage for everyone.On the right, there are those who argue that we should end the employer-based system and leave individuals to buy health insurance on their own.I have to say that the re are arguments to be made for both approaches. But either one would represent a radical shift that would disrupt the healthcare most people currently have.Since healthcare represents one-sixth of our economy, I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix what doesn’t, rather than try to build an entirely new system from scratch.And that is precisely what those of you in Congress have tried to do over the past several months.During that time, we have seen Washington at its best and its worst. We have seen many in this chamber work tirelessly for the better part of this year to offer thoughtful ideas about how to achieve reform. Of the five committees asked to develop bills, four have completed their work, and the Senate Finance Committee announced today that it will move forward next week. That has never happened before.Our overall efforts have been supported by an unprecedented coalition of doctors and nurses; hospitals, seniors’ groups and even drug c ompanies   many of whom opposed reform in the  past. And there is agreement in this chamber on about 80% of what needs to be done, putting us closer to the goal of reform than we have ever been.But what we have also seen in these last months is the same partisan spectacle that only hardens the disdain many Americans have toward their own government.Instead of honest debate, we have seen scare tactics. Some have dug into unyielding ideological camps that offer no hope of compromise. Too many have used this as an opportunity to score short-term political points, even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a long-term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and countercharges, confusion has reigned.Well the time for bickering is over. The time for games has passed. Now is the season for action. Now is when we must bring the best ideas of both parties together, and show the American people that we can still do what we were sent here to do. Now is the time to deliv er on healthcare.The plan I’m announcing tonight would meet three basic goals: It will provide more security and stability to those who have health insurance. It will provide insurance to those who don’t. And it will slow the growth of health care costs for our families, our businesses, and our government.It’s a plan that asks everyone to take responsibility for meeting this challenge   not just government and insurance companies, but employers and individuals. And it’s a plan that incorporates ideas from senators and Congressmen; from Democrats and Republicans and yes, from some of my opponents in both the primary and general election.Here are the details that every American needs to know about this plan: First, if you are among the hundreds of millions of Americans who already have health insurance through your job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the VA, nothing in this plan will require you or your employer to change the coverage or the doctor you have. Let me repeat this: Nothing in our plan requires you to change what you have.What this plan will do is to make the insurance you have work better for you. Under this plan, it will be against the law for insurance companies to deny you coverage because of a preexisting condition. As soon as I sign this bill, it will be against the law for insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you need it most.They will no longer be able to place some arbitrary cap on the amount of coverage you can receive in a given year or a lifetime. We will place a limit on how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses, because in the United States of America, no one should go broke because they get sick.And insurance companies will be required to cover, with no extra charge, routine checkups and preventive care, like mammograms and colonoscopies   because there’s no reason we shouldn’t be catching diseases like breast cancer and colon cancer before they get worse.That makes sense, it saves money, and it saves lives. That’s what Americans who have health insurance can expect from this plan   more security and stability.Now, if you’re one of the tens of millions of Americans who don’t currently have health insurance, the second part of this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable choices. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be able to get coverage. If you strike out on your own and start a small business, you will be able to get coverage. We will do this by creating a new insurance exchange   a marketplace where individuals and small businesses will be able to shop for health insurance at competitive prices.Insurance companies will have an incentive to participate in this exchange because it lets them compete for millions of new customers. As one big group, these customers will have greater leverage to bargain with the insurance companies for better prices and quality coverage. Thi s is how large companies and government employees get affordable insurance. It’s how everyone in this Congress gets affordable insurance. And it’s time to give every American the same opportunity that we’ve given ourselves.For those individuals and small businesses who still cannot afford the lower-priced insurance available in the exchange, we will provide tax credits, the size of which will be based on your need. And all insurance companies that want access to this new marketplace will have to abide by the consumer protections I already mentioned.This exchange will take effect in four years, which will give us time to do it right. In the meantime, for those Americans who can’t get insurance today because they have preexisting medical conditions, we will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain proposed it in the campaign, it’s a good idea now, and we should embrace it.Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there may be those   particularly the young and healthy who still want to take the risk and go without coverage. There may still be companies that refuse to do right by their workers.The problem is, such irresponsible behavior costs all the rest of us money. If there are affordable options and people still don’t sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those people’s expensive emergency room visits.If some businesses don’t provide workers health care, it forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their.And unless everybody does their part, many of the insurance reforms we seek   especially requiring insurance companies to cover preexisting conditions just can’t be achieved.That’s why under my plan, individuals will be required to carry basic health insurance just as most states require you to carry auto insurance.Likewise, businesses will be required to either offer their workers healthcare, or chip in to help cover the cost of their workers. There will be a hardship waiver for those individuals who still cannot afford coverage, and 95% of all small businesses, because of their size and narrow profit margin, would be exempt from these requirements.But we cannot have large businesses and individuals who can afford coverage game the system by avoiding responsibility to themselves or their employees. Improving our healthcare system only works if everybody does their part.While there remain some significant details to be ironed out, I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the plan I just outlined:consumer protections for those with insurance,an exchange that allows individuals and small businesses to purchase affordable coverage, anda requirement that people who can afford insurance get insurance.And I have no doubt that these reforms wou ld greatly benefit Americans from all walks of life, as well as the economy as a whole.Still, given all the misinformation that’s been spread over the past few months, I realize that many Americans have grown nervous about reform. So tonight I’d like to address some of the key controversies that are still out there.Some of people’s concerns have grown out of bogus claims spread by those whose only agenda is to kill reform at any cost. The best example is the claim, made not just by radio and cable talk show hosts, but politicians, that we plan to set up panels of bureaucrats with the power to kill off senior citizens. Such a charge would be laughable if it weren’t so cynical and irresponsible. It is a lie, plain and simple.To my progressive friends, I would remind you that for decades, the driving idea behind reform has been to end insurance company abuses and make coverage affordable for those without it. The public option is only a means to that end   and we should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal.And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than making wild claims about a government takeover of healthcare, we should work together to address any legitimate concerns you may have. There are also those who claim that our reform effort will insure illegal immigrants. This, too, is false   the reforms I’m proposing would not apply to those who are here illegally. And one more misunderstanding I want to clear up under our plan, no federal dollars will be used to fund abortions, and federal conscience laws will remain in place.My healthcare proposal has also been attacked by some who oppose reform as a â€Å"government takeover† of the entire healthcare system. As proof, critics point to a provision in our plan that allows the uninsured and small businesses to choose a publicly-sponsored insurance option, administered by the government just like Medicaid or Medicare.So let me set the reco rd straight. My guiding principle is, and always has been, that consumers do better when there is choice and competition. Unfortunately, in 34 states, 75% of the insurance market is controlled by five or fewer companies. In Alabama, almost 90% is controlled by just one company. Without competition, the price of insurance goes up and the quality goes down.And it makes it easier for insurance companies to treat their customers badly – by cherry-picking the healthiest individuals and trying to drop the sickest; by overcharging small businesses who have no leverage; and by jacking up rates.Insurance executives don’t do this because they are bad people. They do it because it’s profitable. As one former insurance executive testified before Congress, insurance companies are not only encouraged to find reasons to drop the seriously ill; they are rewarded for it. All of this is in service of meeting what this former executive called Wall Street’s relentless profit expectations.Now, I have no interest in putting insurance companies out of business. They provide a legitimate service, and employ a lot of our friends and neighbors. I just want to hold them accountable. The insurance reforms that I’ve already mentioned would do just that.But an additional step we can take to keep insurance companies honest is by making a not-for-profit public option available in the exchange.Let me be clear   it would only be an option for those who don’t have insurance. No one would be forced to choose it, and it would not impact those of you who already have insurance. In fact, based on Congressional Budget Office estimates, we believe that less than 5% of Americans would sign up.Despite all this, the insurance companies and their allies don’t like this idea. They argue that these private companies can’t fairly compete with the government. And they’d be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this public insurance option. But th ey won’t be. I have insisted that like any private insurance company, the public insurance option would have to be self-sufficient and rely on the premiums it collects.But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at private companies by profits, administrative costs and executive salaries, it could provide a good deal for consumers. It would also keep pressure on private insurers to keep their policies affordable and treat their customers better, the same way public colleges and universities provide choice and competition to students without in any way inhibiting a vibrant system of private colleges and universities.It’s worth noting that a strong majority of Americans still favor a public insurance option of the sort I’ve proposed tonight. But its impact shouldn’t be exaggerated   by the left, the right, or the media. It is only one part of my plan, and should not be used as a handy excuse for the usual Washington ideological battle.This is the plan I’m proposing. It’s a plan that incorporates ideas from many of the people in this room tonight   Democrats and Republicans. And I will continue to seek common ground in the weeks ahead. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will be there to listen. My door is always open.But know this: I will not waste time with those who have made the calculation that it’s better politics to kill this plan than improve it. I will not stand by while the special interests use the same old tactics to keep things exactly the way they are.If you misrepresent what’s in the plan, we will call you out. And I will not accept the status quo as a solution. Not this time. Not now.Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we do nothing. Our deficit will grow. More families will go bankrupt. More businesses will close. More Americans will lose their coverage when they are sick and need it most. And more will die as a result. We know these things to be true.That is why we cannot fail. Because there are too many Americans counting on us to succeed   the ones who suffer silently, and the ones who shared their stories with us at town hall meetings, in emails, and in letters.I received one of those letters a few days ago. It was from our beloved friend and colleague, Ted Kennedy. He had written it back in May, shortly after he was told that his illness was terminal. He asked that it be delivered upon his death.In it, he spoke about what a happy time his last months were, thanks to the love and support of family and friends, his wife, Vicki, and his children, who are here tonight. And he expressed confidence that this would be the year that healthcare reform   Ã¢â‚¬Å"that great unfinished business of our society,† he called it would finally pass.He repeated the truth that health care is decisive for our future prosperity, but he also reminded me that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"it concerns more than material things.† â€Å"What we face ,† he wrote, â€Å"is above all a moral issue; at stake are not just the details of policy, but fundamental principles of social justice and the character of our country.†I’ve thought about that phrase quite a bit in recent days   the character of our country. One of the unique and wonderful things about America has always been our self-reliance, our rugged individualism, our fierce defense of freedom and our healthy skepticism of government. And figuring out the appropriate size and role of government has always been a source of rigorous and sometimes angry debate.For some of Ted Kennedy’s critics, his brand of liberalism represented an affront to American liberty. In their mind, his passion for universal health care was nothing more than a passion for big government.But those of us who knew Teddy and worked with him here people of both parties   know that what drove him was something more. His friend, Orrin Hatch, knows that. They worked together to provide children with health insurance. His friend John McCain knows that. hey worked together on a Patient’s Bill of Rights. His friend Chuck Grassley knows that. They worked together to provide healthcare to children with disabilities.On issues like these, Ted Kennedy’s passion was born not of some rigid ideology, but of his own experience. It was the experience of having two children stricken with cancer. He never forgot the sheer terror and helplessness that any parent feels when a child is badly sick; and he was able to imagine what it must be like for those without insurance; what it would be like to have to say to a wife or a child or an aging parent   there is something that could make you better, but I just can’t afford it.That large-heartedness   that concern and regard for the plight of others is not a partisan feeling. It is not a Republican or a Democratic feeling. It, too, is part of the American character. Our ability to stand in other peopl e’s shoes. A recognition that we are all in this together; that when fortune turns against one of us, others are there to lend a helping hand.A belief that in this country, hard work and responsibility should be rewarded by some measure of security and fair play; and an acknowledgement that sometimes government has to step in to help deliver on that promise. This has always been the history of our progress.In 1933, when over half of our seniors could not support themselves and millions had seen their savings wiped away, there were those who argued that Social Security would lead to socialism. But the men and women of Congress stood fast, and we are all the better for it.In 1965, when some argued that Medicare represented a government takeover of healthcare, members of Congress, Democrats and Republicans, did not back down. They joined together so that all of us could enter our golden years with some basic peace of mind. You see, our predecessors understood that government cou ld not, and should not, solve every problem. They understood that there are instances when the gains in security from government action are not worth the added constraints on our freedom.But they also understood that the danger of too much government is matched by the perils of too little; that without the leavening hand of wise policy, markets can crash, monopolies can stifle competition, and the vulnerable can be exploited.What was true then remains true today. I understand how difficult this healthcare debate has been. I know that many in this country are deeply skeptical that government is looking out for them.I understand that the politically safe move would be to kick the can further down the road   to defer reform one more year, or one more election, or one more term. But that’s not what the moment calls for. That’s not what we came here to do. We did not come to fear the future. We came here to shape it. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility, and gridlock with progress.I still believe we can do great things, and that here and now we will meet history’s test. Because that is who we are. That is our calling. That is our character. Thank you, God Bless You, and may God Bless the United States of America.

Safety management assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety management - Assignment Example In this case, ladder inspection checklist must be done; ladder is the safety tool used. Things that must be checked and counter checked include: the surface, level, structure, ground, working area, scaffolding, edges, hand grip, movement of equipment, manual handling, lighting, weather condition, footwear, and experience of the individual. The chance of likelihood of a falling and injury occurring must be considered. This method aids in determining which hazards must be dealt with first in the case of an injury. This is done by looking at the task ahead, the number of individuals, and the machinery to be used. Control measures must be implemented so as to increase safety and eliminate injury probability. The most effective method of controlling risk is by elimination, design substitution, redesign, and administration. The control measures must be carefully evaluated so as to avoid any potential harm (Roughton, James, and Crutchfield, 298). In every workplace, communication is an essential factor. Another essential factor is the credibility of staff as well as following of the OSHA and workplace guidelines. Safety functions management is essential in promoting the health and well being of individuals who work in risky environments. Under the first function of management, which is planning; a good manager must make valid plans. This means that the needs of the hazard workers must be considered, as well as the mission of the organization. Financial as well as the well being of the workers must be considered. This ensures that the needs of the department are met; funds are available, and time set aside to implement a specific plan all for the upholding of the organization goals. Under planning, safety rules and measures must be written down so as to enable better and safe working environment. Better management of safety comprises of organization function. The company must have a hierarchy of organization, where the CEO is active,

Men vs women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Men vs women - Essay Example Irrespective of their race, religion & class women were not seen as women in the society in the beginning of this century.The woman, often conceived and the childbirth have become dangerous. There was no birth control system in yester-years. They did not follow any contraceptive methods, as the same were not available or discovered. The system of divorce was so complexes and was not within the reach of the poor in yesteryears. The women were not encouraged to learn education. The abortion was treated as an unlawful thing.They did not follow any contraceptive methods, as the same were not available or discovered. The system of divorce was so complexes and was not within the reach of the poor in yesteryears.The women were not encouraged to learn education. The involvement of women workforce were a little below half of the British work force and that of women in USA, they were above half of workforce in recent days. During this century, the life styles of women have changed vastly. The activities of women have brought an important role in transformation of women. Many workingwomen have reached pinnacles in their selective fields. They have become champions in the fields of educational institutions, science and technology. Now the women are more economically stronger and independent than a century ago.The women are not involved in union activities.Now the women in UK & USA can exercise their franchise not like in olden days. Now the women are well educated and participated in national politics. The women were first employed in jobs during the currency of First World War. After the First World War, the services rendered by the woman were forgotten, as they did not enter into domestic service. The start of industries gave some opportunities to women to get good jobs with good returns. The involvement of women in second world war and the role played by them brought changes in awareness and consciousness within the women and the in the society too. The politicians thou ght of safeguarding the interests of women at their respective work place. The women desired to stick to their jobs by showing their individuality but some women wanted to come back to their domestic service. The work force of woman has largely increased in the year 1940 when compared to the work force of women in the year1939. After Second World War the need of education in higher education and technology has been increased for women after 1960, the entire world wanted to bring a change in inequality irrespective of their class, race and religion. The history of the women is the product of time of century old women. It is the growth of the women for the last 25 years, which focused on their memories, testimonies and pointing out women's experience. After events of revolution in 1968, the socialist feminism is possible once again the world, liberation of women in capitalism. At the end of 1960, the emergence of feminist framework and civil rights movement could be seen. In 1980s Thatcher and Reagan have elaborated the same. In both the countries of USA and Britain have contrasts of class, race, ethnicity, along with region, age and disability. The books did not carry a definite socialist analysis of the history of women in 20th centuries. The working class woman has not transformed the liberation of women forward. In 20th century, the women have achieved, in many nations, the right to vote, increased their changes in educational and job opportunities. Women used to feel wifehood and motherhood were most important events in the ir career. History shows that women is creative source of human life, women are always treated as inferior to men, since olden days. The attitude towards women was favorable in the east. In USA, the women were felt weaker than men as they couldn't do hard work which requires muscle power. In women, the Americans found lack of intellectual development. The women were allowed to attend domestic works such as caring of children, cooking cleaning of house and washing clothes. It was felt that women's main role in the society was to give birth to children. In the present scenario, because of major publicity to follow contraceptive methods control over number children besides legalisations

patient health care professional communication

patient health care professional communication Discuss any three factors which must be considered by a HCP to improve health well being of individual support individuals in keeping healthy. This assignment will discuss how health care professionals can help progress patient care improving service user interaction by working effectively within interprofessional teams; demonstrating an understanding in patient behaviour and patient health care professional communication, values that can support patients health and well being. In improving service user interaction particular attention is advised to be paid to body language, the nonverbal communication between patient and health care professional (Martin Friedman 2005; MacDonald, 2004; Dillon, 2007). Dickson et al (1989) concurs that health care professionals would benefit from the use of effective communication in the context of interviewing patients. Sometimes body language portrayed by a patient may conflict with verbal messages; this would indicate they may be trying to facade something (Martin Friedman, 2005). The health care professional should make regular but not intrusive eye contact to show interest, a lack of eye contact can signal a lack of concern, embarrassment or submissiveness which could dissuade the patient from confiding (Myerscough Ford, 1996; MacDonald, 2004). Understanding can be conveyed with a relaxed body posture and appropriate facial expressions (Dickson et al, 1989). Sitting a suitable distance from the patient to allow touch to the patient if this is supportive, may encourage the patient to be more relaxed and open (Myerscough Ford, 1996). A simple gesture such as a handshake at the beginning of a meeting can reassure the patient and have a positive effect on the relationship (Myerscough Ford, 1996; Dickson et al, 1989). The health care professional should maintain enough distance to the patient to avoid interference into each others personal space whilst at the same time acquiring enough space to allow confidentiality (Workman Bennett, 2003; Dillon, 2007). There may be times when it is necessary to move closer to the patient, if a patient is hard of hearing, unable to move or for treatment (Myerscough Ford, 1996; Williams, 1997). To efficiently increase learning skills and improve communication health care professionals could receive and interpret information from patients (Dickson et al, 1989). Patients should be encouraged to have independence by making decisions about their treatment with guidance (Public Guardian, 2009). Clarifying questions can help to receive direct answers, asking too many questions at once may confuse the patient and they tend to only answer the last question asked (Minardi Riley, 1997). Paraphrasing and summarising is an effective way to make clear what is being discussed (Minardi Riley, 1997). Throughout any discussion with the patient the health care professional should respect their confidentiality (Servellen, 2008). Social background should make no difference as to how a patient is dealt with, each person deserves the time, commitment and treatment needed (Townsend et al, 1992). We live in a society with different cultures, genders and class; judgments can hinder relations between patient and health care professionals (Thompson, 2002; Dickson et al, 1989). Patients can often feel they lose individuality and feel their condition is treated and not them as a human being (Taylor, 1997). People with disabilities often feel isolated and frustrated, fear rejection and feel self conscious. Some people are either born with disabilities or have developed them through disease or accident. If a patient has an issue with a problem they have it is important to evade alienating them by ignoring their feelings (Myerscough Ford, 1996). Patients should feel they have enough time to describe any issues they have without feeling uncomfortable, analysed or criticised by the health care worker, who should remain impartial (Myerscough Ford, 1996). Health care professionals should not make assumptions about patients who may have some form of mental disability as this can reflect in the patients on self-esteem (Practice Nurse, 2003b). Showing empathy, not sympathy towards patients is important (Minardi Riley, 1997). Burnard (1992) advises it is wrong to make assumptions about someone just because of the way they dress, their lifestyle or attitude, as these can sometimes be interpreted poorly, health care professionals should reflect about how they came to those ideas and question what that says about them. All health care professionals would benefit from working as a team of interprofessionals to improve patients health care (Burnard, 1992). With numerous occupations in the health care profession it is remarkable how each individual has their own observation and diagnosis of the patient (Soothill et al, 1995). It is important to understand the roles of other health care professions and the responsibilities they face in order to work as a successful team (Thompson, 2002). Servellen (2008) explains coordination and quality of care are paramount and failure in provision can have an unconstructive effect on patients contentment, leading to lack of trust and reluctance to be treated. The use of written correspondence to avoid confusing messages can help improve overall care of patients (Mackay, 1993). Mistakes, such as wrong medication, treatment or food can have unnecessary effects on the patient (Mackay, 1993). Portraying self-awareness increases confidence in the patient and their family, combined with regularity in communication this provides increased trust from the patient (Servellen, 2008). There should be a balance of gentleness and assertiveness (Thompson, 2002). Continuous professional development adds new challenges, it shows the willingness to learn and expand knowledge that keeps motivation within the health care professionals job (Thompson, 2002). Evaluating involvement within the health care profession allows lessons to be learned from a professional and personal level, whilst evaluating practice enables assessment; this is good practice that identifies strengths and possible weaknesses that can be addressed to improve service user interaction, inter-professional working and health behaviour (Thompson, 2002). Reflective practice is a way of making sense of doubt. Learning to deal with situations, sometimes stressful, can be a constructive experience for the health care professional. Situations sometimes need to be hectic in order to learn under pressure. Without learning there is little improvement in the skills of the health care professional. Choices are made by health care professionals every minute of their working day (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). To deal with health behaviour a health care professional can be the voice of the patient enabling them to express their beliefs, emotions, hopes and worries to find a way of dealing with their feelings, everyone has a voice and they may express their voice in different ways (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). Values make a person who they are, why they do what they do and why (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). It is not always an easy task to encourage a patient to change their views. A person may smoke because they believe it relieves stress regardless of the effect on their health (Townsend et al, 1992). All smoking accomplishes is to help a person forget about the stress they have for a short period of time, it then becomes a cycle that is tough to break (Townsend et al, 1992). Finding out why a person smokes and why they enjoy smoking can be of help in understanding any underlying problems the patient may have (Practice Nurse, 2003a). A situation where a person is strong willed in the wrong manner can make the health care professionals responsibility difficult (Lewis et al, 1993). It is important to keep to realistic goals for patients to aid with their motivation and confidence, in comparison, a patients improvement can be deterred by unrealistic goals being set (Thompson, 2002). Significance should be placed to avoid speaking in medical terms to a patient; this could confuse them unnecessarily and cause difficulty in communication (Thompson, 2002; MacDonald, 2004). A full explanation is needed to reassure the patient and clarify information to avoid anguish (Dickson et al, 1989). People in general have different ideas on improving their health. A health care professional can help to encourage a healthier lifestyle and reduce sickness by offering advice and assessing action taken by the patient (Lewis et al, 1993). Helping patients to refrain from suppressing their feelings can avert physiological difficulties; as when someone is tense, they can develop postural problems (Burnard, 1992). Physical stress symptoms may lead to a lack of rest, tiredness, little or no appetite and digestion disturbance, psychological stress affects the mind of patients and can lead to apprehension enthusiasm (Dillon, 2007; Practice Nurse, 2003a). Increased levels of stress in a patient of Ill health can reduce their ability to cope with everyday life lacking in enthusiasm (Dillon, 2007; Practice Nurse, 2003a). Burnard (1992) confers how it is important as health care professionals to recognise this, although this is not always easy to spot. As we gain knowledge we better understand there is a connection linking body posture, the muscles, joints and the mind, a relaxed mind would encourage a relaxed body. This essay has argued that patient care and well being can be improved through the implementation of good all round verbal and nonverbal communication without prejudice or discrimination (MacDonald, 1997; Dillon, 2007). Sometimes patients just need to be asked how their poor health affects them and the quality of their life (Baker, 2000). Engaging with other people enables interaction and understanding in communicating with people. Excellent communication and information given to patients is essential to patient care, organisation, well being and recovery (Taylor, 1997; Dickson et al, 1989; Martin Friedman, 2005). Health professionals play a significant part to ensuring good working practice and job satisfaction (Thompson, 2002). References (2003a) Smoking cessation. Practice Nurse, 26: 7, 52-56. (2003b) What is Stigma, Practice Nurse, 26: 10, 18-19. Baker, M. (2000) Modernising NHS, patient care (empowerment): the view from a national society, accessed 10th November 2009, 6.10pm, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/320/7250/1660. Burnard, P. (1992) Effective communication skills for health professionals, Chapman Hall, London. Dickson, D.A., Hargie, O., Morrow, N.C. (1989) Communication skills training for health professionals, Chapman Hall, London. Dillon, P.M. (2007) Nursing health assessment; A critical thinking, case studies approach. 2nd Ed. F.A. Davies Company, Philadelphia. Ghaye, T., Lillyman, S. (2000) Reflection: Principles and practise for health care professionals, Quay Books, Wiltshire. Lewis, L.V.W., Timby, B. K., Frawley, B. (1993) Fundamental skills and concepts in patient care, 5th Ed, Chapman Hall, London. MacDonald, E. (Ed.) (2004) Difficult conversations in medicine, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mackay, L. (1993) Conflicts in care: medicine and nursing, Chapman Hall, London. Martin, L.R., Friedman, H.S. (2005) ‘Nonverbal Communications and Health Care, In: Riggio, R.E., Feldman, R.S. (Eds.) Applications of nonverbal communication, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., London. pp.3-16. Minardi, H.A., Riley, M.J. (1997) Communication in health care: a skills based approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. Myerscough, P., Ford, M. (1996) Talking with patients, keys to good communication, 3rd Ed, Oxford University Press Inc, Oxford. Office of the Public Guardian (2009) The code of Practice, accessed 7th November 2009, 5.18pm http://www.publicguardian.gov.uk/docs/mca-code-parctice-0509.pdf Servellen, G.M.V. (2008) Communication skills for the health care professional; concept, practice and evidence, 2nd Ed, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London. Soothill, K., Mackay, L., Webb, C. (Eds.) (1995) Interprofessional relations in health care, Edward Arnold, London. Taylor, S., Field, D. (Eds.) (1997) Sociology of health and health care, 2nd Ed, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford. Thompson, N. (2002) People skills, 2nd Ed. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Townsend, P., Whitehead, M., Davidson, N. (Eds.) (1992) Inequalities in health: the black report the health divide, 2nd Ed. Penguin Books Ltd, London. Williams, D. (1997) Communication skills in practice: A practical guide for health professionals, Jessica Kingsley, London. Workman, B.A., Bennett, C.L. (2003) Key Nursing Skills, Whurr Publishers Ltd, London.

Gender Roles in the Work of John Ford

Jonathan Moeller Final Paper, Theory and History of Cinema 5- ­? 4- ­? 12 1 Gender Roles in the Work of John Ford: How The Director of Westerns Used Women To Drive a Male Dominated Genre The Western genre has always been a representation of American identity, in that its films reflect societal moods, pop culture, politics, etc. The prototypical Western portrays beautiful open landscapes and heroic, rugged heroes who are set on either conquering or defending them. These iconic actors such as John Wayne, Roy Stewart, Alan Ladd, and Gary Cooper were made famous through being the centerpiece of Western films and series. These heroes and mages of the ‘great American frontier’ stand as metaphor for America itself. Yet, as we closely examine this exciting and adventurous genre of film we see that the hero’s female counterparts are usually underdeveloped and ignored. Western films, especially in the early years of the genre, featured women characters who held little i mportance to the plot and served as comedic or sexual support to the hero. In this essay I will examine how John Ford, as a Western filmmaker, did not follow the formula of the genre. He played with male characters that were not heroic, but were selfish and cold, and even more interestingly, readjusted he gender roles in his western films so that women were no longer simple characters, but in fact drove the story along and made significant plot- ­? related decisions. Often women and men were equals in Ford’s work. I will examine how Ford did this, and contemplate why, as well, in three of his western classics. The films we will be taking a close look at are Fort Apache (1948), The Searchers (1956), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), all of which feature significant female character contributions. Before diving into the work of Ford and how he gave significance to women in the West, it is important to discuss further he attitudes that Western film, and all of Holly wood in the early 2 years, had towards female characters. According to Laura Mulvey, a feminist and film theorist who wrote extensively on the subject, Hollywood uses women in only two ways: â€Å"as erotic objects for the characters within the screen story, and as erotic object for the spectator within the auditorium†¦ She also connotes something the look continually circles around but disavows: her lack of penis, implying a threat of castration and hence unpleasure. † (Mulvey, p. 716- ­? 718) Therefore, women are either sex objects or characters to be feared. According to Mulvey,Hollywood feels female characters shouldn’t be complex, shouldn’t grow and change, and certainly aren’t able to make decisions that change the outcome of the story. All of that should be left to the male heroes. Early Western films followed a strict formula. They featured rugged yet like able heroes from the frontier, and pitted against them was almost always a foreign ad versary. He was either a Native American, or more typically a well- ­? dressed man from the East coast. (Garfield) Women in these early films played very small roles, most fitting into Mulvey’s definition of sex object. They also acted as a power symbol, and the an who possessed the leading woman had all the power, something we will examine in more depth later in this essay. In 1948, John Ford began to change the dynamics between these dominant male characters and their passive, sexual counterparts when he made Fort Apache. The film starred John Wayne playing captain Kirby York, a prototypical Western hero, who is as rugged as they come as well as a well- ­? knowledged man of the West stationed at the frontier’s Fort Apache. Henry Fonda played opposite of him as Lt Col. Owen Thursday, a prototypical Western villain, because he came from a foreign land with the intent of instilling change.Thirdly, the film starred Shirley Temple as Owen's cute, innocent daughter, Ph iladelphia Thursday. The story revolves around Owen 3 Thursday’s attempts to control the â€Å"wild† Apache tribes of the area and send them back to their reservation, usually against the advice of York. All of these story and character dynamics are to be expected when examining a Western film, but it is Ford’s portrayal of women, and in fact the number of contributing female characters, that make this classic of the genre stand out. According to film critic Howard Movshovitz, John Ford used a subtle semiotic technique to imply his heroes’ opinions of women n his films. â€Å"Good women are still; only questionable women travel under their own power,† he says. (Movshovitz, p. 71) By this he means that good- ­? intending women in Ford’s films are always immobile, and the women whom we are to distrust are those that move around freely. As we begin to examine Fort Apache and its female characters, we must keep this in mind. The first female c haracter we meet is Philadelphia Thursday, and we are introduced to her as she is riding inside of a wagon. According to Movshovitz’s theory, this means she is good. I would take it a step further and say that we are being presented an innocent character ere, who I think falls in line with Mulvey’s theory. Shirley Temple was a sex symbol, and that’s also how Philadelphia Thursday looks to us when we meet her. Immediately, she is fawned at by a group of soldiers and flirts with the young Michael O’Rourke. We get a very iconic and telling shot from Ford in the introductory tavern scene, in which Miss Thursday and O’Rourke sit down next to each other and smile, while not looking or speaking to one another. Ford is symbolizing a lot for us here. Obviously he is setting up their future romantic relationship, but he is also foreshadowing for us gender roles of Fort Apache, where both of hese characters are headed. As we are to find out, the women in the fort run the show. They are the ones who take care of the everyday business within the fort, while the men train and go off to battle the surrounding Indian tribes, and as I will explain later, the men actually need their women in order to survive. By not allowing 4 O’Rourke to speak in the aforementioned shot, Ford is suggesting that he needs Miss Thursday to initiate the conversation for him. He is already dependent on women, and therefore will quickly fit in once he arrives at the fort. Ford is also presenting to us something about Miss Thursday with this shot, owever it is contrast to the character that she eventually becomes. Here, by being quiet, Miss Thursday is conforming to Eastern societal standards and waiting to be courted. Ford is showing us that she is a foreigner and that she is dependent on men, but as soon as she steps foot within the confines of Fort Apache all of this changes. Upon arrival to the fort, O’Rourke pays a visit to the Thursday residence to drop off his card, and only Miss Thursday is there to receive him. She immediately goes on the offensive and tries to persuade him to admit his romantic intentions towards her. O’Rourke is confused by her forwardness, and eeds her to spell it out for him, a job which actually gets turned over to Kirby York who enters the scene about halfway through. Over the course of one night in the fort, Miss Thursday has been transformed into a woman who takes matters into her own hands. Later that day, Miss Thursday decides to fix up her and her father’s house, which proves to be our more solid introduction of another important female character in this film, Mrs. Collingwood. It is Mrs. Collingwood, in fact, who makes all of the arrangements for the Thursdays to have furniture and food and even a servant. That night, when Owen Thursday comes home from work and inds his house fixed up he is very surprised, and slightly confused at how it happened. He is openly admitting here tha t Philadelphia is more capable than he, at least in the matters of the home, because of the fact that she was able to take care of a matter he was not. Male characters do not do this in Western films. The entire genre is built around a macho mindset in which the male hero or villain is the all- ­? mighty, yet here Ford has decided to give power to Miss Thursday and by association Mrs. Collingwood. It is one of the first instances that Ford shows us 5 how important his female characters are. Without them, we are to ssume that the entire fort would have nothing and would therefore collapse. This scene is also significant to note because of what it foreshadows for later in the film. Owen Thursday and Mrs. Collingwood end up being our too most powerful characters, which I will explain, and through this scene Ford is showing us who deserves this power. This scene allows us the room to be skeptical of Owen Thursday, and believe his poor decision making at the end of the film, because we are led to ask how he is capable of running a fort when he can’t even run a house hold. This idea of giving Miss Thursday and Mrs. Collingwood power over men is n contrast to both Mulvey and Movshovitz. These women are in motion, they move about on their own two feet freely and therefore, according to Movshovitz, are questionable. Yet, how can we question them when they are giving such positive contributions to our male heroes? These women are making it possible for the men of the fort to live and defend it. I believe Movshovitz would make the argument that Ford is foreshadowing here, and that the reasons that these women are not to be trusted arrives later in the film. In saying so, he wouldn’t be entirely wrong, however, I believe the actions these characters have that can be viewed as

The Basic Facts of Samples of Classification Essay

The Basic Facts of Samples of Classification Essay There are a large selection of books which add to the making of a fantastic library. Different types of musicWriting a paper on music genres isn't really likely to do much with regard to offering new insight. It's crucial to define the order you're going to place the categories in your paper when describing them. Just about everything can be split into categories, but not everything can offer the material for an intriguing essay. There are a lot of less orthodox connections, but they're less well-formed. Start looking for examples which provide a regular representation of the class. You should also provide relevant examples. You should offer several illustrative examples. Choosing Samples of Classification Essay Is Simple You must structure your classification essay around the categories you will utilize in your classification. It's important to not forget that every category needs to have a single base for classification . Choosing Your Categories when you have your topic chosen, you will want to think of what categories they'll be split into. To aid you with your choice what things to write, classification essay topics in a variety of categories are provided below. Just consider it how many terrific things you might do instead of boring writing. With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. Your assigned writer is going to do a careful and total job. If you include as much detail as possible, it raises the odds your writer will put together something which fulfills your expectations. Mind that each of the names should be of the exact kind of the word, for instance, all adjectives or nouns. Concrete details supply a superior presentation where we can observe various classifications. An extensive understanding of the item you wish to create a reference list about is needed. After you think of a list of subjects you enjoy, take into considerati on ways to approach it from an intriguing angle. There are obvious differences in the forms of vacation destinations people chooseand in how folks view vacation generally. Clingy dates wind up with one of the parties practically begging for information concerning the other. An individual should not dismiss the degree of threat contagious sites bear. Based on the topic matter, you could also make a decision to recommend the particular one over the others, but should you do so ensure you emphasize why you have arrived at that conclusion. Samples of Classification Essay: No Longer a Mystery Make certain that you understand how to reveal the heart of your topic and write a strong paper. It's also wise to read up on the topic so that it is possible to express your thoughts more naturally. Some topics may have several alternatives, and so you will need to choose which angle you're approaching it from. The unifying essay topic could be an activity, a sort of person, place or thing . Or you might want to find some recommendations on the best way to compose your essay. After you have decided on the topic for a classification essay and have studied it with distinctive strategies of writing, you ought to be ready to compose the very first draft. Begin with a fundamental thesis statement to guide you, but you should be mindful that you might have to refine it as your essay starts to take shape. Starting with a simple thesis at the start of your work, don't hesitate to polish it later on, once your essay starts to take some shape. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. There's no particular template for penning the ideal essay. If you get essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. You may observe it to have the ability to compose informative classification essays, you have to know the greatest and the worst in addition to the unknown but important representatives of your root idea. The Advantages of Samples of Classification Essay You may decide on any sample you like to view how a well-structured paper ought to be written. When you choose a topic, don't forget about the duration of your paper. Regardless, you always start your paper with an introduction. Before getting down to writing your classification paper, it's better should you create a thorough step-by-step outline. Whenever you make the choice to obtain classification essays from our services, you can be sure that we'll locate an expert ghostwriter who's up to the job. Besides the mentioned above classification essay topics, there are lots of others which we may supply you with. There's some initial planning that must be carried out in order to generate a coherent classification essay.

Mauritius Is Efficient Or Inefficient Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2855 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This chapter provides a review of existing literature which is relevant to the study of testing whether the Stock Exchange of Mauritius is efficient or inefficient. Section 2.2 examines the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) that underpins this study. Section 2.3 continues to look at previous research on EMH and section 2.4 provides an overview of factors leading to improved market efficiency. 2.2 Theoretical Evidence The issue of stock market efficiency is one of the most longstanding and contentious issues in the financial economics literature. In fact, there is much emphasis on this issue because of the importance of market efficiency and the difficulties in measuring it. It has been originated by a French mathematician Louis Bachelier who published his PhD thesis The Theory of Speculation in 1900. However, Bacheliers work was not taken into consideration since it was way ahead of his time but it was rediscovered by Savage in 1955. His observations led to further development of the Random Walk Theory. According to Fama (1970), an efficient market is one where prices fully reflect available information. He further stated that this efficiency could be measured by how much the market price differs from its intrinsic value, that is, the value justified by the facts. Therefore, EMH implies that prices reflect all available information and can adjust rapidly to new information  [1]  . As a c onsequence, prices are always at levels consistent with fundamentals. It is impossible for investors to purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. Consequently, it is not worthwhile to have recourse to expert stock selection or market timing since it is not possible to outperform the market. Dimson and Mussavain (1998) identified an efficient market as a market where all relevant information is reflected in the price of a security or stock. Hamid et.al (2010) highlighted that stock prices in an efficient market follow the Random Walk Hypothesis whereby prices cannot be predicted because when new information is released, the degree to which prices will change in response to this cannot be anticipated. In a perfectly efficient market it is impossible to beat the market and earn an abnormal profit, that is, investors are constantly paying a fair price (intrinsic value). Efficiency is important because of the crucial role that stock markets play in the pricing and allocation of capital and the pricing of risk. Since the 1960s, there have been numerous studies questioning the degree of market efficiency and the static assumptions behind for example EMT CAPM  [2]  . In fact, Market efficiency involves three related concepts which are allocative efficiency, optional efficiency and informational efficiency. Allocation efficiency Does capital flow to the projects with the highest risk-adjusted returns? Operational efficiency Are transactions completed on a timely basis, accurately and at low cost? Informational efficiency Does the observed market price of a security reflect all information relevant to pricing the security? However, financial economics tends to focus on informational efficiency when discussing market efficiency. Generally, the efficient market hypothesis states that markets are efficient if the prices of securities fully reflect all available information. That is, the prices of securities observed at any point in time are based on a correct evaluation of all information available in that given time period. Blake (2000) highlighted the three forms of EMH and separates them according to their information sets: Weak form efficiency states that prices will immediately and fully reflect all past information, therefore investors cannot use information on past prices to predict future prices to earn excess returns. That is, one cannot beat the market by using historical information on prices and volumes. 2) Semi-strong efficiency is when prices instantaneously and completely reflect all publically available information. Under this tenet any relevant news will be quickly incorporated into market prices and will cause the prices to rise or fall accordingly. 3) Strong form efficiency states that market prices immediately and completely reflect all known information that is both public and private (insider) information into asset prices. With strong form efficiency, prices change so quickly in response to new information that even those with privileged information cannot profit from trading with that information. Based on these definitions, Malkiel (1999) described the weak-form efficiency as a situation where the stock price changes were independent, the semi-strong form efficiency as a market where prices quickly reflected new value changing information and the strong form efficiency as a market where professional managers were unable to accurately forecast future prices of individual stocks. For the purposes of this paper, we will focus only on the weak-form efficiency and semi-strong form efficiency in the Mauritian Stock Market as for the case of strong form efficiency; it is too extreme and complex. Under the weak form efficiency, the expected excess return conditional on past historical data should be zero. This implies that one should not be able to predict future excess returns on the basis of historical excess returns. The weakly efficient market is basically a refutation of technical analysis. The technical analyst asserts that market prices are not a random process, that is, expected price changes are not independent of past price changes nor are distributions of rates of return independent from past distributions. Market prices exhibit identifiable patterns that are bound to be repeated. The art lies in devising the proper technique to identify trends, interpret them, and interpret any deviation from them (Khoury, 1983: 68). The Random Walk Hypothesis  [3]  of stock market prices is concerned with the question of whether one can predict future prices from past prices. In its simple form, it states that price changes cannot be predicted from earlier changes in any meaningful manner. Successive price changes in individual securities are independent over time and price changes occur without any significant trends or patterns. Thus, past prices contain no useful information as to their future price behaviour. T he more efficient a market is, the more random will be the sequence of price changes. However, it should be noted that the EMH and the random walks are not synonymous, that is, do not amount to the same thing. A random walk of stock prices does not mean that the stock market is efficient with rational investors. Shleifer (2000) identified three main arguments for EMH: 1. Investors are rational and hence value securities rationally. 2. Some investors are irrational but their trades are random and cancel each other out. 3. Some investors are irrational but rational arbitrageurs eliminate their influence on prices. If all these exist, then both efficient markets and stock prices would be very unpredictable and thus would follow a random walk. Samuelson (1965) mentioned that asset prices in an efficient market should fluctuate randomly through time in response to the unanticipated component of news. Prices may exhibit trends over time, in order that the total return on a financial asset exceeds the return on a risk-free asset by an amount commensurate with the level of risk undertaken in holding it. However, even in this case, fluctuations in the asset price away from trend should be unpredictable. Active fund managers such as fundamental analysts clearly believe that the semi-strong form EMH is not true, otherwise there would be no reason for their existence. On the other hand, many academics  [4]  do believe that the semi-strong form EMH is true. For small investors who believe in the semi-strong form EMH, the only course of action is to achieve a diversified portfolio by investing in passively managed funds (for example, tracker funds). In order to test for semi-strong efficiency, we need to employ a test which is named event study or event analysis. These tests often study an event window around news announcements regarding certain stocks. If news announcements convey new information to the market or if they remove uncertainty regar ding rumours in circulation prior to the announcement, shares of the company which are affected by the news will obtain abnormal returns. It was found that event studies provide the strongest possible evidence in favour of the EMH. Countless studies have shown that the stock market reacts rather quickly to new information, whether we measure returns on a monthly, weekly or daily basis. Some would argue that the evidence suggests that information is incorporated in prices within a few minutes.  [5] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mauritius Is Efficient Or Inefficient Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 2.3 Empirical Evidences Researchers have examined comprehensively the extent to which markets are efficient. There are various studies on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. However, some researchers focused on the assumptions of EMH while others identified a series of anomalies in the market. In support for the EMH, Mauboussin (2005) highlighted that rationality and the utility theory leads to efficient markets as investors always want to profit and will follow those who do in modern markets. Also, Malkiel (2005) critically analysed the EMH and looked at whether it was the reason why managers of investment funds could not beat the market in terms of predicting prices to earn excess returns. Malkiels (2005) study supports the notion that market prices will reflect all available information, and therefore there is no significant gain to be had from holding a managed fund versus an indexed fund. Moreover, Russel (2003) assumed that very few active managers make money on stock exchange. On the other hand, Wilks (2003) added that active managers only beat the market because they take excessive risks. Fama (1998) refused to abandon the EMH theory by arguing that anomalies found in the market are just an illusion and are economically or statistically insignificant. He qualified the market imperfections found as the result of the changes made in the method of estimating abnormal returns. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) found that if information was costly, there must have been a financial incentive to obtain it. But if the information was already fully reflected in asset prices, then there would not be any financial incentive. This is a strong version of the hypothesis that could be literally true if all available information was costless to obtain. Alternatively, Jensen (1978) added a weaker but economically a more realistic version of the hypothesis. It is when prices reflect information up to the point where marginal benefits of acting on the information do not exceed the marginal co sts of collecting it. Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997) analysed the US sharemarket and it showed that above-average stock returns over a daily, weekly or monthly interval increase the likelihood of further above-average returns in the subsequent period. However, for instance, only about 12 per cent of the variance in the daily stock price index can be predicted using the previous days return. Portfolios of small stocks display a greater degree of predictability than portfolios of large stocks. There is also some weak evidence that the degree of predictability has diminished over time. Much of the EMH literature before LeRoy (1973) and Lucas (1978) revolved around the random walk hypothesis and the martingale model, two statistical descriptions of unforecastable price changes that were initially taken to be implications of the EMH. One of the first tests of the RWH was developed by Cowles and Jones (1937), who compared the frequency of sequences and reversals in historical sto ck returns, where the former are pairs of consecutive returns with the same sign, and the latter are pairs of consecutive returns with opposite signs. Cootner (1962; 1964), Fama (1963; 1965a), Fama and Blume (1966), and Osborne (1959) perform related tests of the RWH and, with the exception of Cowles and Jones (who subsequently acknowledged an error in their analysis Cowles, 1960). All of these articles indicate support for the RWH using historical stock price data. Furthermore, Lo and MacKinlay (1988) examined the weekly US stock returns indexes from 1962 to 1985 by constructing a variance ratio test. They exploited the fact that return variances scale linearly under the RWH and if the random walk hypothesis holds, the variance of a two-week return is twice the variance of a one week. Particularly, they found that variances grow faster than linearly as the holding period increase which implies positive serial correlation in weekly returns. Oddly enough, Lo and MacKinlay also sh ow that individual stocks in general do satisfy the RWH. Liu and He (1991) tested five weekly exchange rates and they rejected the random walk hypothesis. On the other hand, Ayadi and Pyun (1994) applied the same test to stocks in the Korean Stock Exchange and showed that after adjusting for serial correlation and heteroscedasticity, the random walk hypothesis cannot be rejected. Fama (1965) found evidence that there was no long-term profitability to be found in technical trading strategies. Malkiel (2003) also supported this view and provided us with evidence that more often than not traders find it difficult to perform better than the benchmark indices and when they do, their success is often not reported in the long run. In a study, Scholes (1972) observed how prices reacted to non information by seeing how share prices reacted to large share sales by large investors. This study was important as it directly dealt with the issue of the availability of close substitutes fo r individual securities  [6]  . Scholes found that they led to small price changes and that this could be due to negative news regarding the share sale. Thus, the results support the random walk theory. In contrast, various studies have criticised the assumptions of EMH, that is, there are several arguments that reject the EMH. For instance, Bogle (2003) argued that the EMH does not account for transaction costs and as such, market efficiency did not matter since investors, as a group, would fall short of the market return by the amount of costs they incurred. Hence, there is no doubt that transactions costs play an important role in investment strategies. Furthermore, Ball (1994) postulated that cost for information is not zero but positive, opposing the assumption of EMH. Besides, Shleifer and Summers (1990) questioned the assumption that investors are rational where there are noise traders that act on imperfect information causing the prices to deviate from their intrin sic values. In additional, Russel and Torbey (2002) argued that individuals are often prone to make mistakes and tend to rely on the opinion of others. In fact, human beings do not process information with machine-like speed, efficiency or rationality where as EMH assumes that information is processed correctly and immediately. While conducting a critical review of the literature on EMH, Akintoye (2008) highlighted the support for weak and semi strong efficiency but also highlighted the lack of evidence for strong form efficiency. Akintoye explored market anomalies which caused the market to depart from efficiency and attributing those departures to a notion of behavioural finance finding that where emotions and cognitive biases were present and these factors can cause anomalies in market price movements. Brealey et al (2008) defined behavioural finance to be the use of human psychological evidence to interpret investor reactions. Behavioural finance assumes that investors are adverse to small losses especially when stock performance has been poor recently. Investors can also be slow to react to new information and over confident with their stock price predictions. The argument for behavioural finance in rejection of the EMH is also highlighted by Daniel et al (1998), where under or over reaction to market reaction to news is present due to psychological biases such as investor over confidence. This study concluded that price movements in the market are distorted as investor biases are reflected in price as opposed to reflecting only the information available. Kulkarni (1978) investigated the weekly RBI stock price indices for Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras and Ahmedabad stock exchanges and monthly indices of six different industries by using spectral method. He concluded that there is a repeated cycle of four weeks for weekly prices and seasonality in monthly prices. This study has thus rejected the hypothesis that stock price changes were random . In addition, some studies have produced evidence against the random walk hypothesis, showing that stock returns do contain predictable elements. Much of this work has centered on the worlds largest stock markets, including the United States, developed economies in Europe, and Japan and were studied by Poterba Summers (1988) and Lo and MacKinlay (1988). More recently, mixed evidence on the random-walk hypothesis has been found for emerging markets in Latin America (Urrutia, 1995); (Grieb Reyes, 1999) and in Asia (Ayadi Pyun, 1994); (Huang, 1995); (Chang Ting, 2000). Apart from these arguments, some studies are based on anomalies present in the stock market. For instance, Rozeff and Kinney (1976) suggested that the month of January experiences higher returns than other months on the New York Stock Exchange. This stock market anomaly was dubbed henceforth as the January Effects  [7]  . Another anomaly related to stock returns on a given day of the week is known as the d ay of the week effect. French (1980) claimed that there was a tendency for returns to be negative on Mondays whereas they are positive on the other days of the week similar to the findings of Tandon (1994). There also exists a size effect on the stock markets. For instance, Banz (1981) stipulated that holding stocks of low capitalization firms yielded excess returns, though it is argued that these excess returns may be only a compensation for exposure to the risks associated with small firms. Similarly, some authors argued for the presence of the price earnings ratio effect on some stock markets. For example, in contradiction of the EMH theory, Basu (1977) has demonstrated that investors holding low price earnings ratio portfolio earned higher returns than an investor holding an entire sample of stocks.